Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is a serious condition in which a child doesn’t develop healthy attachments with their caregivers.¹ This often results from severe neglect or abuse during early childhood.² Children with RAD struggle to form healthy emotional bonds and may exhibit a range of behavioral and emotional difficulties.³

Types of Reactive Attachment Disorder

There are two main types of RAD:

1. Inhibited Type: Children with this type of RAD are withdrawn and avoidant of social interaction.⁴ They may seem fearful, anxious, and unresponsive to comfort.⁵
2. Disinhibited Type: Children with this type of RAD are overly friendly and sociable with strangers, often seeking attention and affection indiscriminately.⁶

Symptoms of RAD

• Difficulty forming attachments: Children with RAD may struggle to form secure attachments with caregivers.⁷
• Emotional disturbances: They may exhibit excessive anger, sadness, or fear.⁸
• Behavioral problems: Children with RAD may have difficulty controlling their emotions and may engage in disruptive behaviors.⁹
• Social difficulties: They may struggle to interact with peers and may be socially withdrawn or overly clingy.¹⁰

Causes of RAD

RAD is primarily caused by severe neglect or abuse during early childhood.¹¹ Other factors that may contribute to the development of RAD include:

• Frequent changes in caregivers: Frequent changes in caregivers, such as in foster care, can disrupt attachment formation.¹²
• Parental mental illness: Parental mental illness can impair a parent’s ability to provide consistent and nurturing care.¹³
• Substance abuse: Parental substance abuse can negatively impact a child’s development and attachment.¹⁴

Treatment of RAD

Treatment for RAD is often complex and may involve a combination of therapies:¹⁵

• Psychotherapy: Therapy can help children develop healthy attachment relationships and learn effective coping skills.¹⁶
• Medication: In some cases, medication may be used to address specific symptoms, such as anxiety or depression.¹⁷
• Family Therapy: Family therapy can help parents and caregivers understand and respond to their child’s needs.¹⁸

Early intervention is crucial for children with RAD. With appropriate treatment and support, many children can overcome the challenges associated with this disorder and develop healthy relationships.¹⁹